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2.RobinDunber,(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUyPress,1998).

3.MichaelL.WilsonandRichardW.Wrangham,‘IntergroupRelationsinChimpanzees’,32(2003),363-392;M.McFarlandSymington,‘Fission-FusionSocialanizationinand,11:1(1990),49;A.ChapmanandLaurenJ.Chapman,‘DeterminantsofGroupsSizeinPrimates:TheImportanceofTravelCosts’,in,ed.SueBoinskyandPaulA.Garber(Chicago:UyofChicagoPress,2000),26.

4.Dunbar,,69-79;LeslieC.AielloandR.I.M.Dunbar,‘NeocortexSize,GroupSize,andtheEvolutionofLanguage’,34:2(1993),189.Forcriticismofthisapproachsee:ChristopherMcCarthyetal.,‘paringTwoMethodsforEstimatiworkSize’,60:1(2001),32;R.A.HillandR.I.M.Dunbar,‘SocialworkSizeinHumans’,14:1(2003),65.

5.YvetteTaborin,‘ShellsoftheFrenchAurignaandPerigordian’,in,ed.HeidiK,AnnePike-TayandRandallWhite(BocaRaton:CRCPress,1993),211-28.

6.G.R.Summerhayes,‘ApplicationofPIXE-PIGMEtoArchaeologicalAnalysisofgingPatternsofObsidianUseiNewBritain,PapuaNewGuinea’,in,ed.StevenM.Shackley(NewYork:PlenumPress,1998),129-58.

7.ChristopherRyanandCacildaJethá,(NewYork:Harper,2010);S.BeckermanandP.Valentine(eds.),:(Gainesville:UyPressofFlorida,2002).

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9.FekriA.Hassan,(NewYork:AcademicPress,1981),196-99;LewisRobertBinford,(Berkeley:UyofCaliforniaPress,2001),143.

10.BrianHare,(Dutton:PenguinGroup,2013).

11.ChristopherB.Ruff,ErikTrinkausandTrentonW.Holliday,‘BodyMassandEncephalizationioeHomo’387(1997),173-176;M.HennebergandM.Steyn,‘TrendsinialCapacityandialIndexinSubsaharanAfricaDuringtheHoloe’,5:4(1993):473-79;DrewH.BaileyandDavidC.Geary,‘HominidBrainEvolutioingClimatic,Ecological,andSocialpetitionModels’,20(2009):67-79;DanielJ.WescottandRichardL.Jantz,‘AssessingiofacialSeculargeinAmeriBlacksandWhitesUsiricMorphometry’,ined.DennisE.SliewYork:PlenumPublishers,2005),231-45.

12.NicholasG.BlurtonJoal.,‘AntiquityofPostreproductiveLife:AreThereModernImpaHunter-GathererPostreproductiveLifeSpans?’,14(2002),184-205.

13.KimHillandA.MagdalenaHurtado,(NewYork:AldinedeGruyter,1996),164,236.

14.HillandHurtado,,78.

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16.I.J.N.Thorpe,‘Anthropology,Archaeology,andtheinofWarfare’,35:1(2003),145-65;RaymondC.Kelly,(AnnArbor:UyofMichiganPress,2000);AzarGat,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,2006);LawrenceH.Keeley,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,1996);SlavomilVencl,‘StoneAgeWarfare’,in,ed.JohnCarmanandAnthonyHarding(Stroud:SuttonPublishing,1999),57-73.

17.JamesF.O’elandJimAllen,‘Pre-LGMSahul(PleistoeAustralia–NewGuinea)andtheArcheologyofEarlyModernHumans’,in,ed.PaulMellars,OferBar-Yosef,KatieBoyle(Cambridge:MaldInstituteforArchaeologicalResearch,2007),395-410;JamesF.O’elandJimAllen,‘WhenDidHumansFirstArrivedinGraterAustraliaandWhyIsItImportanttoKnow?’,,6:4(1998),132-46;JamesF.O’elandJimAllen,‘DatingtheizationofSahul(PleistoeAustralia–NewGuinea):AReviewofRetResearch’,31:6(2004),835-53;JonM.Erlandson,‘AnatomicallyModernHumans,MaritimeVoyaging,andthePleistoeizationoftheAmericas’,,ed.NinaG.Jablonski(SanFrancisco:UyofCaliforniaPress,2002),59-60,63-64;JonM.ErlandsonandTorbenC.Rick,‘ArcheologyMeetsMarineEcology:TheAntiquityofMaritimeCulturesandHumanImpaarineFisheriesandEcosystems’,2(2010),231-51;AthollAnderson,‘SlowBoatsfroma:IssuesinthePrehistoryofIndo-aSeafaring’,,16(2000),13-50;R.Bednarik,‘MaritimeNavigationintheLowerandMiddlePaleolithic’,328(1999),559-60;R.Bednarik,‘SeafaringinthePleistoe’,13:1(2003),41-66.

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24.本地图主要参考:PeterBellwood,(Malden:BlackwellPub.,2005).

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26.KatherineA.Spielmann,‘AReview:DietaryRestrionHunter-GathererWomenandtheImplicationsforFertilityandInfantMortality’,17:3(1989),321-45.并请参见:BruceWinterhalderandEricAlderSmith,‘AnalyzingAdaptiveStrategies:HumanBehavioralEcologyatTwentyFive’,9:2(2000),51-72.

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32.JohannesNicolaisen,(hagen:NationalMuseum,1963),63.

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34.RobertB.Mark,(Lanham,MD:Rowman&LittlefieldPublishers,2002),24.

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48.Houston,,196.

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54.DavidGraeber,(Brooklyn,N.Y.:MelvilleHouse,2011).

55.GlynDavies,(Cardiff:UyofWalesPress,1994),15.

56.SzymonLaks,.ChesterA.Kisiel(Evanston,Ill.:NorthwesternUyPress,1989),88-89.奥斯维辛集中营的“市场”仅限于部分阶级的囚犯,而且在不同时期的差异非常大。

57.NiallFerguson,(NewYork:ThePenguinPress,2008),4.

58.关于麦元的信息,我参考了一本未出版的博士论文:RefaelBei,(HebrewUyofJerusalem,UnpublishedPh.D.thesis,2011).并请参见:NormanYoffee,‘TheEyofAWesternAsia’,in,vol.1,ed.J.M.Sasson(NewYork:C.Ser’sSons,1995),1387-99;R.K.Englund,‘Proto-eiformAt-BooksandJournals’,ined.MichaelHudsonandeliaWunsch(Bethesda,MD:CDLPress,2004),21-46;MarvinA.Powell,‘AtributiontotheHistoryofMoneyinMesopotamiapriortotheIionofage’,ined.B.Hru.kaandG.Komoróczy(Budapest:E.tv.sLoránd1978),211-43;MarvinA.Powell,‘MoneyinMesopotamia’,39:3(1996),224-42;JohnF.Robertson,‘TheSocialandEicanizationofAMesopotamianTemples’,invol.1,ed.Sasson,443-500;M.Silver,‘ModernAs’,ined.R.RollingerandU.Christoph(Stuttgart:Steiner,2004),65-87;Danielell,‘MethodsofExgeandageinAWesternAsia’,in,vol.1,ed.Sasson,1487-97.

59.NahumMegged,(TelAviv:Dvir,1999[Hebrew]),103.

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66.MarieHarmandHermannWiehle,(Halle:HermannSchroedelVerlag,1942),152-57.

67.SusanBlackmore,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,1999).

68.DavidChristian,(Berkeley:UyofCaliforniaPress,2004),344-45;AngusMaddison,,vol.2(Paris:DevelopmereoftheanizationofEicCo-operationandDevelopment,2001),636;‘HistoricalEstimatesofWorldPopulation’,U.S.susBureau,accessedDecember10,2010,

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69.Maddison,,vol.1,261.

70."GrossDomesticProduct2009",TheWorldBank,DataandStatistics,accessedDecember10,2010,siteresources.worldbank./DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf

71.Christian,,141.

72.当代最大的货轮能够承载大约10万吨的货物。在1470年,全球舰队船队加起来,承载量也不超过32万吨。到了1570年,总承载量已达到73万吨。(Maddison,TheWorldEy,vol.1,97).

73.全球规模最大的银行,苏格兰皇家银行(RoyalBankofScotland),于2007年申报的存款为1.3兆美元,是1500年全球总产值的五倍。参见‘AnnualReportandAts2008’,TheRoyalBankofScotland,35,accessedDecember10,2010.

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75.Maddison,,vol.1,31;Wrigley,,295;Christian,,450,452;‘WorldHealthStatisticReport2009’,35-45,WorldHealthanization,accessedDecember10,2010ho.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

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92.这里举的面包店例子在计算上经过简化,并非完全精确。因为银行金库中每存有1元就能贷出10元,如果银行现在有100万美元的存款,其实只能贷出约909000美元,而必须将91000美元留在金库里。但为了方便读者理解,我还是决定将数字简化。此外,银行也并不总是遵守这些法规。

93.CarlTrocki,(NewYork:Routledge,1999),91.

94.GeesNzongola-Ntalaja,(London:ZedBooks,2002),22.

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106.关于过去这几十年前所未有的和平状态,特别可参见:StevenPinker,(NewYork:Viking,2011);JoshuaS.Goldstein,flictWorldwide(NewYork,N.Y.:Dutton,2011);Gat,

107.‘WorldReportonViolendHealth:Summary,Geneva2002’,WorldHealthanization,accessedDecember10,2010,ho.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf.(NewYork:OxfordUyPress,1996).

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110.ManuelEisner,‘Modernization,Self-trolahalViolence’,41:4(2001),618-638;ManuelEisner,‘Long-TermHistoricalTrendsinViolentCrime’,30(2003),83-142;‘WorldReportonViolendHealth:Summary,Geneva2002’,WorldHealthanization,accessedDecember10,2010,

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111.WalkerandBailey,‘BodytsinLowlandSouthAmeriViolence,’30.

112.若想从心理和生化两种层面来讨论快乐,以下著作是很好的出发点:JonathanHaidt,(NewYork:BasicBooks,2006);R.Wright,(NewYork:VintageBooks,1994);M.Csikszentmihalyi,‘IfWeAreSoRich,WhyAren’ty?’,54:10(

1999):82127;F.A.Huppert,N.BaylisandB.Keverne,ed.,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,2005);MichaelArgyle,2ion(NewYork:Routledge,2001);EdDiener(ed.),(NewYork:Springer,2009);MichaelEidandRandyJ.Larsen(eds.),(NewYuilfordPress,2008);RichardA.Easterlin(ed.),(Cheltenham:EdwardElgarPub.,2002);RichardLayard,(NewYork:Penguin,2005).

113.DanielKahneman,(NewYork:Farrar,StrausandGiroux,2011);Ietal.,"Development,Freedom,andRisingHappiness,"278-281.

114.D.M.McMahon,(London:AllenLane,2006).

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116.DavidBiello,‘BacteriaTransformedintoBiofuelsRefineries’,27,2010,accessedDecember10,2010,

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117.GaryWalsh,‘TherapeutisulinsandTheirLarge-ScaleManufacture’,67:2(2005),151-59.

118.JamesG.Wallisetal.,‘ExpressionofaSyitifreezeProteininPotatoReducesElectrolyteReleaseatFreezingTemperatures’,35:3(1997),323-30.

119.RobertJ.Walletal.,‘GeicallyEnhancedCowsResistIntramammaryStaphylococcusAureusIion’,23:4(2005),44551.

120.LiangxueLaietal.,‘GeionofedTransgenicPigsRiOmega-3FattyAcids’,24:4(2006),435-36.

121.Ya-PingTaal.,‘GeihaofLearningandMemoryinMice’,401(1999),63-69.

122.ZoeR.DonaldsonandLarryJ.Young,‘Oxyto,Vasopressin,andtheNeurogeicsofSociality’,322:5903(2008),900–904;ZoeR.Donaldson,‘ProduofGermliransgenicPrairieVoles(Microtusaster)UsiiviralVectors’,81:6(2009),1189-1195.

123.TerriPous,‘SiberianDiscoveryCouldBringStistsClosertoingWoollyMammoth’,September17,2012,accessedFebruary19,2013;PasqualinoLoietal,‘Biologicaltimemaes:arealisticapproachforingainctmammal’,14(2011),227233;LeonHuynen,CraigD.MillarandDavidM.Lambert,‘Resurregaanimalgeheextinctmoaandmore’,34(2012),661-669.

124.NicholasWade,‘StistsinGermanyDraftNeahalGenome’,February12,2009,accessedDecember10,2010,63:2(2009),accessed10December,2010,.archaeology./1003/eteahals.html.

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第一时间更新《人类简史·从动物到上帝》最新章节。

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